Neither / Either ..
Usage
:
Neither and Either are used to show agreement with negative statements.
|
Rule :
Neither + Affirmative
auxiliary verb + Subject ..
Subject + Negative auxiliary verb
+ Either ..
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Auxiliary:
Verb to Be , Verb to Have , Verb to
do , Verb to can . etc ..
|
Person A
|
Person B
|
|
I am
not hungry.
|
Neither am I.
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= I'm not
hungry either.
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I'm
not going to quit.
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Neither am I.
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= I'm not
going to quit either.
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They don't
speak French.
|
Neither do I.
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= I don't
speak French either.
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Stephanie doesn't
eat meat.
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Neither does Mary.
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= Mary
doesn't eat meat either.
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Mary didn't
go to the party.
|
Neither did I.
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= I didn't
go either.
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I wouldn't like
to do his job.
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Neither would I.
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= I wouldn't like
to do it either.
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He won't stop
talking.
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Neither will you.
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= You won't
stop either.
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You haven't
finished your meal.
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Neither have you.
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= You haven't
finished either.
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I can't reach
the top shelf.
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Neither can I.
|
= I can't
reach it either.
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You shouldn't talk
in the movie.
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Neither should you.
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= You
shouldn't talk either.
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We couldn't hear
him.
|
Neither could we.
|
= We couldn't
hear him either.
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I hadn't
seen her before.
|
Neither had I.
|
= I hadn't
seen her before either.
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So / Too ..
Usage
: SO and TOO are used to show agreement with positive statements .
|
Rule :
So + Affirmative auxiliary
verb + Subject ..
Subject + Affirmative auxiliary
verb + Too ..
|
Auxiliary:
Verb to Be , Verb to Have , Verb to
do , Verb to can . etc ..
|
Person A
|
Person B
|
|
I am happy.
|
So am I.
|
= I am happy
too.
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I'm going
to Brazil in the summer.
|
So am I.
|
= I am going
to Brazil too.
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You look nice
today.
|
So do you.
|
= You look
nice too.
|
Stephanie has a
new boyfriend.
|
So does Mary.
|
= Mary has a
new one too.
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We went to
the concert last night.
|
So did I.
|
= I went to
the concert too.
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I would love
a coffee right now.
|
So would I.
|
= I would
love a coffee too.
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He will win
a prize.
|
So will I.
|
= I will win
one too.
|
They have
finished their homework.
|
So have I.
|
= I have
finished too.
|
I can speak
two languages.
|
So can I.
|
= I can speak
two too.
|
He should study
more.
|
So should I.
|
= I should
study more too.
|
We could see
the mountains.
|
So could we.
|
= We could
see them too.
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My
brother had eaten too much.
|
So had I.
|
= I had eaten
too much too.
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Present Perfect
Progressive ..
How
do we form the Present Perfect Progressive?
We form
the Present Perfect Progressive with have, been and the verb with the ending -ing.
have/has + been + infinitive + -ing
has → 3rd
person singular (he, she, it)
have → all other forms
have → all other forms
Action :
1-
ACTIONS THAT STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUE IN THE PRESENT .
2-
ACTIONS THAT HAVE JUST FINISHED, BUT WE ARE INTERESTED IN THE RESULTS IN THE
PRESENT .
Time
Expressions :
For , Since , How long , All day , All week , etc .
Affirmative sentences
|
Negative sentences
|
Questions
|
I have been playing volleyball.
You have been playing volleyball.
He has been playing volleyball.
She has been playing volleyball.
It has been playing volleyball.
We have been playing volleyball.
You have been playing volleyball.
They have been playing volleyball.
► We
use has in the 3rd person singular (he,
she, it).
|
I have not been playing volleyball.
You have not been playing volleyball.
He has not been playing volleyball.
She has not been playing volleyball.
It has not been playing volleyball.
We have not been playing volleyball.
You have not been playing volleyball.
They have not been playing volleyball.
► We
use has + not in the 3rd person singular (he,
she, it).
|
Have I been playing volleyball?
Have you been playing volleyball?
Has he been playing volleyball?
Has she been playing volleyball?
Have it been playing volleyball?
Have we been playing volleyball?
Have you been playing volleyball?
Have they been playing volleyball?
► We
use has in the 3rd person
singular (he, she, it).
|
present perfect progressive vs present perfect simple
Present
Perfect Simple
|
Present
Perfect Progressive
|
Result
(what / how much / how often)
I have
written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.
It
emphasizes the result of an action .
Examples :
I have known him
for 3 years.
I have washed the car. Result: The car is clean
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Duration
(how long)
I have been
writing for an hour.
It emphasizes
the duration of an action .
Examples :
I have been sitting here since seven o’clock.
We have been on
holiday for two weeks.
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